The third exam will cover the Chordate Animals (62 points)and Fungi (43 points).

Some Study Topics - Chapter 34 (Chordate Animals)

- characteristics of chordates

- non-vertebrate chordates

- vertebrate characteristics

- jawless fishes

- evolution of jaws

- Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

- swim bladders, gills, scales, fins

- evolution of amphibians

- extant amphibians

- evolution of reptiles

- extinct and extant reptiles

- circulatory, respiratory systems of vertebrates

- evolution of birds/general characteristics/adaptations for flight

- amniotic egg/counterparts of extraembryonic membranes in mammals

- characteristics of mammals

- monotremes/ marsupials/ eutherians

- reproduction in vertebrates

- characteristics of primates

- evolution of humans

- multiregional model vs. monogenesis model of human evolution

Multiple Choice Sample Questions: Chapter 34

1. Pharyngeal gill slits appear to have functioned first as:
a. the opening to the digestive system or mouth.
b. suspension-feeding devices.
c. components of the jaw.
d. gill slits for respiration.
e. portions of the inner ear.

2. The jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of:
a. scales of the lower lip.
b. one or more gill arches.
c. one or more gill slits.
d. one or more of the bones of the cranium.
e. one or more of the vertebrae.

3. What is a distinctive feature of the class Chondrichthyes?
a. an amniotic egg
b. unpaired fins
c. an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to see in color
d. a cartilaginous endoskeleton
e. lack of jaws

4. In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?
a. Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, and Mammalia
b. Amphibia, Mammalia, and Aves
c. Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, and Reptilia
d. Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia
e. Mammalia, Aves, and Amphibia

5. Why is the term “cold-blooded” not very appropriate for reptiles?
a. The keratinized skin of reptiles serves to insulate and conserve heat.
b. The scales of reptiles serve to dissipate excess body heat by reradiation to the environment.
c. Reptiles regulate body temperature by using various mechanisms such as behavorial adaptations.
d. Reptiles swallow large prey whole to provide enough food to generate body heat.

Answers: 1(b); 2(b); 3(d); 4(d); 5(c)

Sample Essay and Definition Questions:

1. List the four definitive characteristics of chordates and discuss the eventual fate of these structures in humans.
2. Discuss four characteristics of birds that facilitate flight.3. Compare and contrast the features in the Chondrichthyes and the Osteichthyes that enhance buoyancy and lessen drag while swimming.
4. Define: ovoviviparous,  amplexus,  plastron  cloaca  swim bladder

Some General Study Topics - Chapter 31 (Fungi)

- characteristics of the Fungi

- origin of the Fungi

- importance of Fungi (positive and negative)

- If given some diagrams of fungal structures could you name them and could you tell if they were n, 2n,
  dikaryotic or coenocytic?

- Can you name the divisions and give some diagnostic characteristics to separate one from another?

- Mycorrhizae (what are they, subtypes, importance)

-Lichens (what are they, major subforms, importance)

Sample Essay and Definition Questions:

Some examples of terms to define:  dikaryotic,  mutualism,  haustorium,  saprobic,  ascus,  pileus,  progametangium,  soredium,  basidiocarp,  conidiophore,  ectomycorrhizal association,  mycobiont

Explain what sets the Deuteromycota apart from the other fungal divisions.

A friend has purchased two fungal cultures.  They are in the non-reproductive mycelial stage.  The labels came off.  One is a zygomycote and the other is an ascomycote.  He is not sure which is which and he has to know today.  He does have a microscope.  What would you tell him to look for to be able to determine their division affinity?

Explain what happens in an ascus as it develops from the very beginning to its full maturity.

How is a soredium like a conidiospore?  How is it different?

Multiple Choice Sample Questions: Chapter 31

1) Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in Rhizopus?
a) meiosis
b) sporangia
c) flagellated gametes
d) spores
e) fertilization

2) In fungi meiosis would take place:
a) in the formation of gametes
b) during zygote germination
c) as conidiospores develop into mycelium
d) during plasmogamy
e) during karyogamy

3) In the Deuteromycota you would NOT expect to find:
a) cells
b) hyphae
c) mycelium
d) spores
e) zygote

4) Which of the following would be found in, or as part of, a basidiocarp:
a) dikaryotic hyphae
b) ascus|
c) conidiospore
d) primary mycelium
e) progametangium

ANSWERS:  1) c,     2) b,     3) e,     4) a