Basic introductory terms and concepts

Elements of music - as elements of physical objects include size, shape,texture, color, etc., musical elements are pitch, duration, dynamics, and timbre
Pitch - high sounds or low sounds. Notes. Includes melody, harmony, motive, sequence, phrase, cadence, interval, contour, consonance, dissonance, texture
Duration - time. Long or short of a note, beat, tempo, rhythm, accent,
Dynamics - another word for volume. Soft, loud, subito, accent, crescendo, decrescendo,
Timbre - a description of the sounds you are hearing. Trumpet, guitar, voices, orchestra, percussion, etc. can go into more detail as in a thin tone, a brassy sound, a darker guitar, etc.
Melody - the "tune". One note at a time. The "ball" in music. Conjunction and disjunct intervals, contour, phrase, repetition, sequence,
Harmony - more than one pitch at a time. Two or more notes simultaneously. Dissonant or consonant, resolution, chord progression,
Texture
Phrase - a part of a melody that is concluded by a cadence. Like a sentence with a comma, the part before the pause is one phrase, and the remaining part is another phrase. Phrases together may form sections.
Cadence - a resting place in music. Can be complete and sound final, as in the period at the end of a sentence, or incomplete like a comma. A cadence will follow a phrase and usually be at the end of a section. Musical gravity, resolution, progression, etc.
Modulation
Motive - a short, instantly recognizable fragment of a melody. Beethoven's Fifth Symphony short short short long is a very famous motive.
Sequence
Ostinato
Drone
Beat
Meter
Tempo
Measure / Bar
Syncopation
Down Beat
forte
piano
mezzo-
-issimo
Key - the "home sound" of a musical work. All the notes in a key sound like they belong together, and are supported by harmony. Longer scale compositions will usually change key somewhere throughout, but will usually return to the home key (tonic)
Relative major / minor
Tonic - the root sound of a key. "do" in a scale.
Dominant
Movement - a self-contained part of a larger composition. It has a beginning, middle, and an end, but the full work is not over. There are more chapters to the book. Movements may be related by key, theme, or they may be seemingly unrelated. A movement is often named only by a tempo designation: Allegro means lively or fast, andante means at a walking pace, etc.
Origins of the symphony: Nationality, Purpose
Form of early symphonies
Form of typical symphonies
What was the significant change? Who is given credit for it?
Binary Form - two sections, each repeated. AABB, or abbreviated ||:A :||: B :||
Rounded Binary Form - similar to Binary Form, but the A section returns at the end. AABaBa, or ||:A :||: B a :||
Sonata Allegro Form - a very standard form found from the Classical Period onward. It is very similar to Rounded Binary form, but on a larger scale. Where Binary and Rounded Binary forms will have "landmarks" at the beginnings and ends of sections, Sonata Allegro form requires more landmarks due to their expanded length and more details. Sections are Exposition, Development, Recapitulation, Coda
Exposition - Beginning of Sonata Allegro Form. Theme 1 in the Tonic key, bridge modulates (changes key), pause before Theme 2, Theme 2 in a new key, then closing statement / cadence. The Exposition is heard twice.
Development - A chance for the composer to show off their skill in composition. After the Exposition is heard the second time, the Development will feature the break up of themes into fragments, modulating, and putting keys and instrumental groups against each other. NO HOME KEY. A lot of intensity. The intensity will wind down, which is the same time that Theme 1 in the Tonic Key will be heard - the start of the Recapitulation.
Recapitulation - After the Development, the Recapitulation will serve as a summary of the movement so far, but with one noteable exception. There is no modulation in the Recapitulation. Theme 1 starts the Recapitulation in the Tonic Key, the Bridge does not modulate, so that after the pause, Theme 2 is heard in the TONIC KEY. This is the first time in the movement that this occurs. Afterward, it leads up to the Coda.
Coda - "Tail" of the movement. A big cadence, and good way to indicate that the movement has concluded.
Theme 1 - the initial theme of Sonata Allegro Form. Usually driving and memorable in character.
Theme 2 - the second theme of Sonata Allegro Form. Usually "lyrical" and songlike, maybe even slower
Transition / Bridge - a very busy section that serves the purpose of modulating from the Tonic Key to a new key where Theme 2 will be heard.
Closing Statement - "This Is The End" cadence to indicate the end of the Exposition.
Signal for the end of the Development / beginning of the Recapitulation. The energy and intensity of the development section will often run out of steam, and signal the return of the theme and Home key from the beginning.